- Expect children “to do because I say so”
- Children may internalize anger, may behave appropriately though fear rather than understanding and ‘have an increased likelihood of suffering anxiety and depression -related problems later in life. (Hayes)
- Restricts children
- Parents control children
- Baumrind (1978) showed in studies that children of authoritarian parents showed a little independence and were more withdrawn an unhappy.

- Has been labelled the democratic parent and ‘children experiencing such a practice are active, outgoing, friendly, independent, creative and disobedient. (Hayes)
- Encourages children to be independent yet still places control over their actions
- Parents are warm and nurturing towards their children
- Recognises children’s individual interests and special ways
- Children are more likely to be self-reliant and socially responsible
- Neglectful
- Parents is very uninvolved in child’s life
- Parents is more concerned with his/her own comfort than the needs of the child
- Children may have low self -esteem and may not be very independent
- ‘a child experiencing this type of parenting may act out resentment with an increased tendency to delinquency. (Hayes)
- Indulgent
- Parent highly involved with the child but places few demands or controls on them
- Can give them lots of material goods (e.g.toys, cloths etc) but not give time and attention
- A child from this background will tend to be neat, polite, dependent and conforming.
Family structures

- Extended families
- Reconstituted families
- Widowed
- Separated
- Single women who have chosen motherhood
- Teenage mothers
- Homosexual / lesbian families

- Communal families




